M-NEXT consisting of MNPs encapsulated within xEV carrying T20 peptide on the surface was synthesized and characterized via zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, and TEM imaging. Preliminary efficacy studies using SH-SY5Y cocultured with the in vitro BBB model showed that the M-NEXT-T20-fusion peptide protected neurons from HIV gp120-mediated neurotoxicity. Additionally, BBB integrity and permeability assessed via trans-endothelial resistance (TEER) and a Dextran-FITC transport assay was unaffected. SH-SY5Y viability measured by XTT assay was not significantly modulated by M-NEXT. In summary, preliminary findings support M-NEXT as effective nanocarriers for delivery of anti-HIV gp120 associated neurotoxicity agents.Liquid or blood-based biopsy is a less invasive and more efficient method in which to clinicians can identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic responsive biomarkers in cancer patients. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are all potential biomarkers found in liquid biopsies. All nucleated cells including healthy, virally infected, and cancer cells release EVs. Since the early 1980s, evidence has mounted to support the pathophysiological role of EVs in cancer. Here we focus on the smallest of the EV, the exosome, and their clinical relevance as nanotherapeutics for cancers. Exosomes obtained from tumors have been reported to promote and/or facilitate malignancy of cancers especially in terms of metastatic potential. Exosomal EVs have also contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance. Recent studies demonstrate that intrinsic and bioengineered exosomes can serve as effective therapeutic agents that disrupt cancer progression. Here we review the current literature regarding the utilization of bioengineered exosomes for therapeutics to treat prevalent cancers such as melanoma, glioma, breast, pancreatic, hepatic, cervical, prostate, and colon cancers. Overall, studies reviewed show that bioengineered exosomes are effective and promising for targeted cancer therapy.Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technique plays a vital role in preclinical modelling of many respiratory diseases. Diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute tracheal bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and influenza infection continue to significantly impact human health. CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins, isolated from the immune system of prokaryotes, are one component of a very useful technique to manipulate gene sequences or editing and gene expression with significant implications for respiratory research in the field of molecular biology. CRISPR technology is a promising tool that is easily adaptable for specific editing of DNA sequences of interest with a goal towards modifying or eliminating gene function. Among its many potential applications, CRISPR can be applied to correcting genetic defects as well as for therapeutic approaches for treatment. This review elucidates recent advances in CRISPR-Cas technology in airway diseases.There is an increased need of drugs with multifunctional properties for visualization of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques for early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Curcumin (Cur) is a potent antiamyloid, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic natural product that has been used to treat several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Curcumin can reduce amyloid burden, rescue neuronal damage, and restore normal cognitive and sensory motor functions in AD. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI-906.html Curcumin is a promising natural product theranostic because it fluoresces and preferentially binds to misfolded Aβ. However, poor water solubility, limited bioavailability, and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limit curcumin use for biological applications. In this work, ultrasmall (~ 11 nm) curcumin encapsulated Pluronic F127 nanoparticles (FCur NPs) were developed and optimized to enhance bioavailability, facilitate circulation in the bloodstream, and improve BBB penetration. We compare BBB crossing ability of FCur NPs and free curcumin using an in vitro BBB model, and we demonstrate brain accumulation following intravenous administration to healthy mice. FCur NPs display 6.5-fold stronger fluorescent intensity in the brain than those from free curcumin. In addition, in vitro comparison with Congo red, a marker for Aβ plaques, revealed that encapsulated curcumin maintains its ability to bind to Aβ plaques. FCur NPs exhibited antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity when compared to free curcumin. The combination of in vitro and in vivo results suggest potential utility of the inexpensive FCur NPs as a theranostic agent for AD.Mitochondria are among the most dynamic organelles regulating a wide array of cellular processes. They are the cellular hub for oxidative phosphorylation, energy production, and cellular metabolism, and they are important determinants of cell fate, as they control cell death/survival pathways. The mitochondrial network plays a critical role in cellular inflammatory responses, and mitochondria are central in many pathologic conditions such as chronic inflammatory and aging-associated degenerative diseases. Recent advancements in our understanding of the pathogenic pathways and the role of mitochondria therein have identified highly specific therapeutic targets in order to develop personalized nanomedicine approaches for treatment. A wide array of nanoparticle-based formulations has been employed for potential usage in both diagnosing and treating chronic and fatal conditions, with gold nanoparticles and liposomal encapsulation being of particular interest. In this review, we highlight and summarize the advantages and challenges of developing these nanoformulations for targeted and spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery. We discuss the potential of nanotherapy in neoplasms to target the mitochondrial regulated cell death pathways and recent seminal developments in liposomal nanotherapy against chronic inflammatory lung diseases. The need for further development of nanoparticle-based treatment options for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is also discussed.